When Max Planck (1858-1947) about the year 1900 should give an explanation of the curve, showing the distribution of energy of an ’absolutely black body’, radiating energy, he constructed a model for the energy radiating atoms. Max Planck used the following ad hoc assumptions:

• The energy radiating atoms act as harmonic oscillators, which each has a frequency f.

• Each oscillator can only absorb or emit energy in portions – quanta – which are proportional to f, which means that the following must be valid: E = h · f , where E is the value of the absorbed or emitted portion of energy, and h is a proportionality constant, the so called Planck's Constant.

(1)

where n is an energy quantum number, which can only take on the values 1, 2, 3, etc.

In the traditional wave-quantum mechanics, a relatively complicated mathematical solution to Schrödinger's continuous wave equation - used on the harmonic oscillator - gives the values for the energies shown in (1).
In the following I shall show how it is possible to derive the energy values of (1) very simple and directly, from the classical mechanical expression for energy, just by using the quantum quantities set forth by me, the space quantum, the time quantum, and the mass quantum.

The fundamental basis for my ’Holistic quantum cosmology’ (see this) is the quantization of the physically fundamental quantities: Distance, time interval and mass.
The physically smallest distance – elementary length, r₀ – and the physically smallest time interval – elementary time, t₀ – are closely connected to Planck's constant h, the total energy/matter-mass M₀ of the Universe and the velocity of light c₀ in what is called vacuum by the following:

(2)

For all phenomenae in our quantized Universe, the following is valid:
Every physical distance is determined by:

(3)

where is the space quantum number, which can take on the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, etc.
Every physical time interval is determined by:

(4)

where is the time quantum number, which can take on the natural numbers 1, 2, 3, etc.
Every physical mass m is a rational fraction of the total mass of the Universe, M₀, viz.:

(5)

where is a rational mass quantum number between 0 and 1.

The transformation from a classical and continuous physical equation to a quantum physical expression is reduced to inserting the quantized quantities given by (3), (4) and (5).

Let us quantum transform the equation giving the classical-mechanical energy of a harmonic oscillator. The mechanical energy E_mech of a harmonically oscillating particle with the mass m and the amplitude A of the oscillation is, derived according to classical mechanics, given by:

(6)

where is the angular velocity, which can be calculated by the oscillation time, T, as follows:

(7)

By an index q on , I have indicated that in a physical quantum geometri it is necessary to use a rational pi!
Inserting the quantized values for m, T og A, we get:

(8)

where c₀ = r₀/t₀ is the velocity of light.
In (8) is a rational energy quantum number. Very interestingly we note that the energy content of a specific harmonical oscillator – which is a local subsystem in the Universe – is equal to a rational fraction of the total content of energy of the Universe, which is M₀·c₀².

By means of (2) we can rewrite (8) to:

(9)

where the rational number is written as a rational fraction, consisting of a natural number, n, – the energy quantum number – in the numerator and a natural number n_T – a time quantum number in the denominator.   n_T·t₀ is the particle's quantized oscillation time!  The reciprocal value of oscillation time defines the quantized oscillation frequency , f. As it will be seen, the quantum transformed energy expression in (9) is mathematically identical to (1).

Quantized frequency with upper and lower physical limits. The uniton

As mentioned the expression in (9) is mathematically identical to (1), however with the great physical difference that the frequency in (9) is quantized, which is a consequence of the quantization of time. In the traditional wave quantum physics, time is not quantized, and thereby derived quantities, such as frequency, are also not quantized. You are also not operating with physical minimum and maximum values of frequency. As the physically smallest time interval is elementary time t₀, there must to this correspond a physically highest frequency f_max, given by:

(10)

As the greatest time interval is the actual age of the Universe, T_univers, the physically lowest frequency f_min must be given by:

(11)

To the physically highest frequency corresponds a maximum energy and a corresponding maximum mass, given by:

(12)

where M₀ is the total mass of the Universe and E_max is the total energy of the Universe.
The actually physically smallest amount of energy in the Universe, E_min, and a corresponding physically smallest equivalent mass m_u is given by:

(13)

The smallest physical energy/mass quanta in the Universe are identical to the ’particles’ which I have given the name unitons. Some consequences of the existence of unitons, – the true atoms of the Universe – you can study somewhere else.

Unification of the smallest with greatest.

An interesting question is: Is there a context between the smallest and the greatest physical quantities which describe the Universe? My reply is yes! The reason for my reply can be studied in my 'Holistic quantum cosmology', where I reveal the following contexts:

(14)

(15)

(16)

In these equations, N³ appears as a cosmic evolution quantum number, 'ticking' up through the natural numbers. N gives the actual ratio of the electrostatical and gravitostatical forces between two electrons. When the Universe was 'born', the cosmic evolution quantum number was equal to one.
Further to equations (14), (15) and (16) can be added:

(17)

(18)

We see that the cosmic evolution quantum number is the physical quantity uniting the smallest and the greatest physical quantities of the Universe.

© Louis Nielsen, December 13^th 1998
E-mail: louis44nielsen@gmail.com

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